Trichomonas vaginalis

We have investigated the effects of a novel neutrophil-activating factor released by Trichomonas vaginalis (TV-NAF) on neutrophil chemotaxis. TV-NAF was present in the supernatant from 107 T. vaginalis (STV) cultured in 1 ml of serum-free Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) at 37°C for 30 min. With a multichamber chemotactic assay, we found that there were 112 + 15 migrated neutrophils (mean ± standard deviation, n = 7) for STV and 11 ± 4 for HBSS per high-power field (x400). STV was also able to induce neutrophil actin assembly (increased 1.5-fold), enhance expression of complement receptor type 3 (increased 5-fold), and promote intracellular calcium mobilization (increased 2.5-fold). There was no chemotactic activity in the preparation of STV from killed trichomonads. The fact that heating up to 100°C or deproteinization by treatment with proteinase K at 65°C for 1 h did not abolish its chemotactic activity suggests that the TV-NAF involved was not a protein. The chemotactic activity of TV-NAF was associated with the fraction containing small molecules of less than 3,000 Da. Therefore, the possibility that eicosanoid production by trichomonads is responsible for neutrophil activation was investigated. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4; 500 pg/ml) but not thromboxane B2 (<20 pg/mi) or prostaglandin E2 (<8 pg/ml) was found in the STV by radioimmunoassay. Production ofLTB4 by trichomonads was time dependent and increased twofold when arachidonic acid (100 ,uM) was added but was not decreased when eicosanoid inhibitors were present. Evidence for the presence of LTB4 in STV was further provided by the fact that rabbit anti-LTB4 antiserum could abolish the chemotactic activity ofSTV. These studies suggest that the spontaneous release of TV-NAF, which is most likely LTB4, may activate neutrophils, presumably through a different arachidonate metabolic pathway than that in mammalian cells.